Wednesday, January 29, 2014

Humor and Laughter Quotations



Your race, in its poverty, has unquestionably one really effective weapon—laughter.  Power, money, persuasion, supplication, persecution—these can lift at a colossal humbug—push it a little—weaken it a little century after century; but only laughter can blow it to rags and atoms at a blast.  Against the assault of laughter,       nothing can withstand.
                                                                                                --Mark Twin

Such a laugh was [like] money in a man’s pocket, because it cut down on the doctor’s bills like everything.
                                                                                                --Mark Twain

The secret source of humor itself is not joy but sorrow.  There is no humor in heaven.
                                                                                                --Mark Twain

Everything is funny as long as it is happening to someone else.
                                                                                                --Will Rogers

If we couldn't laugh we would all go insane.
--Robert Frost


Laughter and tears are both responses to frustration and exhaustion. I myself prefer to laugh, since there is less cleaning do to do afterward.
--Kurt Vonnegut

I don't trust anyone who doesn't laugh.                                       
                                                                                                --Maya Angelou

There is nothing in the world so irresistibly contagious as laughter and good humor.
                                                                                                --Charles Dickens                             

“With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come.”
                                                                                                --Williams Shakespeare

He had an idea that even when beaten he could steal a little victory by laughing at defeat.                                     

                                                                                                --John Steinbeck
Comic Relief: A Comprehensive Philosophy of Humor (Morreal)
Areas for Discussion, Chapter 1

Negative thoughts of and oppositions to humor (Biblical, classical, early Christian), especially Plato and Thomas Hobbes


Defenses of Humor, esp. Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas


The Enlightenment and Humor


The Superiority Theory, advocates, viewpoints, and flaws


The Incongruity Theory, advocates, viewpoints, and flaws


The Relief Theory, advocates, viewpoints, and flaws


Cognitive Dissonance and Cognitive Shift



The Relaxation Theory, advocates, viewpoints, and flaws

Monday, January 27, 2014

        Laughter is an emotional release similar to crying, brought upon by a mild mental stress rather than an emotional stress. It happens when the mind has some notion of an expectation and then that expectation is replaced by something similar but different and unexpected.


         From sudden emotion created by humorous activities performed by others or by themselves.


         When they're happy and feeling good.

         Sometimes to prevent crying.


         Someone tickled them.


         It feels good to laugh.


         Laughter is good for our lungs as an outlet for some extra energy. We use 17 different muscles to smile and 43 different muscles to frown, so it's easier to smile than frown.

         Laughing also adds days to our lives. However, crying lessens our lives.


         Laughing could also be bad, because you might get bad luck.


Why do we laugh?

The reasons we laugh, including "contagious" laughter, may be products of evolution.
Natural laughter is a two-part, spontaneous, response to humor, that has physiological, psychological, and physical benefits.
Most agree that we laugh when we find something to be humorous, yet different reasons exist for what we find to be humorous. Additionally, different things are humorous to us at different stages of life.
Laughter, a physiological response to humor, can be broken down into two parts.
The first is a set of gestures, and the second is the production of sound. The brain forces to conduct both responses simultaneously. From a physiological standpoint, a "sensor" in the brain responds to laughter by triggering other neural circuits in the brain, which, in turn, generate more laughter.
Oddly enough, laughter is an orderly response, and almost occurs "spontaneously" during pauses at the end of phrases, earning it the name the punctuation effect. Human beings are the only species capable of laughter, and the average adult does so approximately 17 times per day.
Good health is one of the many benefits of laughter. Laughter reduces our stress levels by reducing the level of stress hormones, and also helps us cope with serious illnesses.
Physiologically, laughter promotes healing, by lowering the blood pressure, and by increasing the vascular blood flow and the oxygenation of the blood.
Physical fitness stemming from laughter is a benefit known to few. Scientists estimate that laughing 100 times is equivalent to a 10-minute workout on a rowing machine, or to 15 minutes on a stationary exercise bike. The mere act of laughing exercises the diaphragm, as well as the abdominal, respiratory, facial, leg, and back muscles.
Another benefit of laughter is that it improves our over-all mental health. Pent up negative emotions, such as anger, fear, and sadness, can cause biochemical changes in our bodies that can produce a harmful effect.
Laughter provides a harmless outlet for these negative emotions, and provides a coping mechanism for dealing with difficult or stressful situations.
Why Do People Laugh?
Laughter is part of the universal human vocabulary. All members of the human species understand it. Unlike English or French or Swahili, we don’t have to learn to speak it. We’re born with the capacity to laugh.
One of the remarkable things about laughter is that it occurs unconsciously. You don’t decide to do it. While we can consciously inhibit it, we don’t consciously produce laughter. That’s why it’s very hard to laugh on command or to fake laughter. (Don’t take my word for it: Ask a friend to laugh on the spot.)
Laughter provides powerful, uncensored insights into our unconscious. It simply bubbles up from within us in certain situations.
Very little is known about the specific brain mechanisms responsible for laughter. But we do know that laughter is triggered by many sensations and thoughts, and that it activates many parts of the body.
When we laugh, we alter our facial expressions and make sounds. During exuberant laughter, the muscles of the arms, legs and trunk are involved. Laughter also requires modification in our pattern of breathing.
We also know that laughter is a message that we send to other people. We know this because we rarely laugh when we are alone (we laugh to ourselves even less than we talk to ourselves).
Laughter is social and contagious. We laugh at the sound of laughter itself. That’s why the Tickle Me Elmo doll is such a success — it makes us laugh and smile.
The first laughter appears at about 3.5 to 4 months of age, long before we’re able to speak. Laughter, like crying, is a way for a preverbal infant to interact with the mother and other caregivers.
An evolutionary perspective We believe laughter evolved from the panting behavior of our ancient primate ancestors. Today, if we tickle chimps or gorillas, they don’t laugh “ha ha ha” but exhibit a panting sound. That’s the sound of ape laughter. And it’s the root of human laughter.
Apes laugh in conditions in which human laughter is produced, like tickle, rough and tumble play, and chasing games. Other animals produce vocalizations during play, but they are so different that it’s difficult to equate them with laughter. Rats, for example, produce high-pitch vocalizations during play and when tickled. But it’s very different in sound from human laughter.
When we laugh, we’re often communicating playful intent. So laughter has a bonding function within individuals in a group. It’s often positive, but it can be negative too. There’s a difference between “laughing with” and “laughing at.” People who laugh at others may be trying to force them to conform or casting them out of the group.
No one has actually counted how much people of different ages laugh, but young children probably laugh the most. At ages 5 and 6, we tend to see the most exuberant laughs. Adults laugh less than children, probably because they play less. And laughter is associated with play.
We have learned a lot about when and why we laugh, much of it counter-intuitive. Work now underway will tell us more about the brain mechanisms of laughter, how laughter has evolved and why we’re so susceptible to tickling — one of the most enigmatic of human behaviors.
Robert Provine, Ph.D., is a professor of psychology and neuroscience at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. He is completing a book entitled “Laughter” that is scheduled to be published this fall by Little, Brown and Company.

Schadenfreude



Incongruity



Irony



Cognitive shift

Monday, January 13, 2014


Engl 20923, Literature and Civilization II, sec. 674
Fall 201, MW, 3:30-4:50 PM, Beasley 205
What’s So Funny?

Literature and Civilization II is a course intended to explore the role of literary, rhetorical, and dramatic expression in the development of cultural ideas, institutions, and roles.  As it is vetted for global awareness credit (GA), the course is intended to help students develop a critical awareness of global perspectives.  As it is also vetted for Humanities credit (Hum), the course is intended to help students analyze texts, examine the nature and value of human life, and construct relevant arguments.

01/13, M
introduction

01/15, W
What is literature?  What is civilization?

01/20, M
MLK Day

01/22, W
class canceled

01/27, M
Why do people laugh?  What makes people laugh?

01/29, W
Why do people laugh?  What makes people laugh?

Comic Relief, 2-26

02/03, M
Comic Relief, 28-39

02/05, W
Comic Relief, 41-68

02/10, M
Comic Relief, 91-124

02/12, W
jokes, cartoons, and videos

02/17, M
jokes, cartoons, and videos

02/19, W
The Importance of Being Ernest

02/24, M
The Importance of Being Ernest

02/26, W
in-class midterm

03/03, M
the greatest comedy film

03/05, W
the greatest comedy film

03/10 M
Spring Break

03/12, W
Spring Break

03/17, M
The Comic Toolbox, 1-57

03/19, W
The Comic Toolbox, 58-115

03/24, M
The Comic Toolbox, 117-161

03/26 W
John Hughes, “58’ Vacation”

03/31, M
Nora Ephron, “A Few Words About Breasts”

04/02, W
April Fools Narrations
Dave Barry, “Tips for Women: How to Have a Relationship with a Guy”

04/07, M
Cat’s Cradle

04/09, W
Cat’s Cradle

04/14, M
Finding the Funny Fast

04/16, W
funny situations

04/21, M
funny situations

04/23, W
writing limericks

04/28, M
final presentations

04/30, W
final presentations

Requirements:

1) Community Engagement/Global Awareness: Community Engagement is one of the primary course components and is required of all students. The basic assumption behind community engagement is that, by becoming involved in some type of community-engaged activity, students can gain significant insight into their local surroundings—and into their own lives. Our community engagement project has a global aspect.  For our project you will be paired with an international student studying in TCU’s Intensive English Program (IEP) at the beginning of the semester as a conversation partner. You will be required to meet with you conversation partner a minimum of 6 times during the semester.  

2) Blogging: To document your conversations, and as well to comment on your learning, you are required to keep an online journal or weblog. With the help of technology at Blogger (http://www.blogger.com; or http://wordpress.org), you will build your own web log, or “blog,” and keep an electronic journal of your experiences as a conversation partner, as a learner, and more generally as an individual living in a complex world. You will be expected to write 6 reflections (approximately length 1 to 2 pages) of your meetings with your conversation partner. These reflections should not only describe what you did but also your thoughts and reactions. Since conversation is always a two-way street, you will learn a lot about your partners as they learn from you, and you are asked to write about this learning and sharing process in your blogs. Also, since one of the best ways to learn about a subject is to have to teach it, you will—hopefully—gain insight and sensitivity into English rhetorical practices, and you will be expected to comment on these insights. English is not an easy language to learn!

You are also asked to write 4 reflections (approximately 1 to 2 pages) commenting on your learning experiences. Obviously, you are constantly learning—in this class, in all your classes, and outside of class.  Every three weeks or so you are expected to blog about what you have learned in our class, or possibly in your other classes, that you found interesting, useful, and/or relevant. What you write is up to you. What I ask is that you reflect on your learning experiences and assess the value of these experiences in terms of your own life.

Also, in terms of our class focus, I ask that you write 2 reflections (approximately 1 to 2 pages) about two different incidents in which either you or the people you were with broke out into fits of uncontrollable laughter.  Using your blog, reflect back on not only what specifically caused the laughter but also how either you or the people you were with were affected by the laughter incident.

You are also welcome to use your blog to reflect on all of your life experiences throughout the semester, commenting on whatever moves you to write.  Twelve entries is the minimum I expect.

Blogging is a less formal form of writing than an essay, and thus blogs are a good forum to reflect, analyze, vent, explore, and consider. But blogs are also a more public form of writing and, because of the technology, an excellent way of sharing, collaborating, and responding. In addition to posting your own blog entries, you will also be required to post brief responses to a minimum of 10 other course blogs throughout the semester (approximately 1 to 2 paragraphs).  You are welcome to comment on any of the other course blogs, but please vary the blogs you respond to. Please do not respond to the same blog (and person).  We will use our course blogs as an open online dialogue to reflect on our experiences in Literature and Civilization II.

Please keep in mind that a blog is not a personal—and private—diary.  Blogs are a public forum, accessible to anyone who has internet access, so please do not post anything that you would not share with your classmates and random internet readers.

3) Midterm and Final Exams: There will be both midterm and final essay exams, and both exams will have two parts, a take-home essay and an in-class short answer exam. These exams will not simply test for familiarity with course content, but will also be used to reflect on your experiences in Literature and Civilization II. My intention is not simply to quiz your specific knowledge of texts and authors, but to encourage your critical thinking and self-evaluation.

4) In-Class Writing. In most classes there will be short writing exercises. The exercises will serve as a reading check, but they will also be used to generate discussion. They will be graded on a point scale, with 3 for excellent, 2 for good, and 1 for acceptable. At the end of the semester you will receive a cumulative score for your in-class work.

5) Student Presentations: Humor Around the World.  Throughout the semester we will examine the cultural differences in humor around the world.  You will be asked to help lead our discussions, and these presentations may be undertaken individually or in small groups (maximum of 3). Each individual or group will choose a specific class day and will be expected to make a presentation to the class on a type of cultural or national humor (English humor, Italian humor, German humor, Swedish humor, Brazilian humor, African humor, Australian humor, Chinese humor, Japanese humor, Indian humor, Arab humor, Russian humor, Romanian humor, Icelandic humor . . .). These presentations should include a brief discussion of what the individual (or group) thinks are the relevant characteristics of their subject’s humor (What is French humor and how is it different than English or American humor?). These presentations should be informative and provocative. Yet at the same time they should also be enjoyable! I encourage you to consider creative suggestions for stimulating interest and arousing attention. Dramatizations may be videotaped, parts of texts acted out, and character roles performed. Multimedia presentations are always welcome, but I do encourage you to do something more than the usual PowerPoint presentation.  Students are responsible for choosing what to present and when to present.  A brief handout summarizing key points and pertinent information is required.

6 Student Presentations: Active Classrooms: During the semester several classes days have been set aside for students to locate and research material for class discussions.  Students will be asked to bring to class, and then present, humorous materials that they think are especially interesting for cultural, social, political, or artistic reasons.  These presentations may be undertaken individually or in small groups (maximum of three). 
            On January 15, we will consider two questions: “What is literature? & What is civilization?”  Individually or in a small group, you will present brief film interviews of 3 people (not in our class) trying to answer these and/or related questions.
            On January 27 and 29, we will consider questions related to humor, such as “Why do people laugh?”  & “What makes people laugh?”  Other questions related to laughter and humor are encouraged.  Individually or in a small group, you will present brief film interviews of 3 people (not in our class) trying to answer these and/or related questions.
On February 12 and 14, we will examine the humorous elements in “jokes, cartoons, and videos” For these classes, you are asked to share and discuss a examples of jokes, cartoons, or videos that you think are particularly funny, interesting, or relevant to our class.  Please bring your examples to class and be ready to discuss what kind of humor is being used, how was it used, and for what audience. 
On March 3 and 5, we will consider possibilities for “the greatest comedy film.”  Individually or in groups, you are asked to research films that have been listed as one of the greatest comedy films ever, and then choose the one that you think the best or funniest overall.  In class you must present short clips from the film and then discuss why you think it’s the greatest comic film overall.  Your task is not simply to present humorous video clips in class, but to present a persuasive argument to the class explaining why your film is the best. At the end of the second class we will vote on the greatest comedy film (and best overall presentation). 
On April 21 and 23, we will review “funny situations” you have discovered around campus or in the local community.  Individually or in small groups, you are asked to photo 3 local situations, locations, and/or settings that you think is humorous or has the potential to produce humor.  You can photograph anything (someone sleeping in a dorm room, students in a lecture, shoppers in Kroger, people eating in Dutch’s) that you think as the necessary elements to produce laughter.  You must bring your photographs to class and discuss what in them has humorous potential.
Please note:  for each presentation, two things are required.  First, I will not tolerate anything obscene, racist, or offensive.  Second, you must offer some critical insight into what you are presenting.  It’s not enough to say, “this is funny,” or “this made me laugh.”   You must analyze and critique what you found humorous, and, if possible, classify it.  How was the laughter evoked?

7) Final Presentations: For your final assignment, I would like you to put together a presentation that somehow demonstrates what you have learned during the semester. This presentation should offer a glimpse of your thoughts, observations, and experiences throughout the past four months in class. Consider what you have experienced as a learner that was interesting, striking, memorable, and/or relevant. These projects may include photographs, videos, sketches, recordings, music, prose, and poetry. You may use Power Point or present a video, or use other forms of multimodal presentation. Please be as creative as you like. As with all previous presentations, please consider how to engage your audience’s attention. Along with your presentation, you must submit a 2-page justification of your presentation (please note, only one justification per presentation).  These projects may be done individually or in small groups (maximum of 3). If done as a group project, each person's individual contributions must be apparent.

What you do in your final presentations is up to you, and part of the assignment is figuring out what to do. You can focus on a specific text, or on a combination of texts, or even on an entire series, theme, or activity that you found informative and interesting. This should be an opportunity to assess what you have learned.

9) Participation and Attendance: I am not formally setting an attendance policy, and you are responsible for your own attendance. I caution you, however, to keep in mind that assignments and in-class writings cannot be made up or turned in late. Also, please keep in mind that active participation is a course requirement and weak participation will lower your final grade. Both written and verbal contributions will count towards participation.

10) Sense of Humor and An Appreciation of Irony: Given the course’s subject matter, a willingness to laugh is essential.  I also ask for your patience, understanding, and good humor. I sincerely wish that all of us enjoy our work together this semester, and I ask for your help in making this course a success.

Grading Scale:

Midterm and Final Exams: 30% (15% each)
Community Engagement Project: 10%
Blogging: 15%
Presentations: 30% (5% Humor Around the World; 5% What is literature and civilization; 5% Why do people laugh; (5% jokes, cartoons, and videos; 5% greatest comedy film; 5% funny situations;)
Final Presentations 10%
In-Class Writing 5%

Required Texts:
Comic Relief: A Comprehensive Philosophy of Humor, John Morreall
The Comic Toolbox: How to be Funny Even If You’re Not, John Vorhaus
Anguished English, Richard Lederer
The Importance of Being Ernest, Oscar Wilde
Cat’s Cradle, Kurt Vonnegut
Finding the Funny Fast, Jan McInnis

Dan Williams
Scharbauer 3018D and TCU Press (3000 Sandage)
817-257-5907 (TCU Press), 817-257-4382 (Honors)
Office Hours: Friday, 10 to 12 AM, and by appointment (Since I work out of two offices, please check in advance where I’ll be holding my office hours).

Course Outcomes:

--Students will analyze representative texts of significance and practice critical analysis of these texts
--Students will explore texts in terms of multiple cultural heritages, aesthetic approaches, and ideological perspectives
--Students will demonstrate critical awareness that problem solving in the global community requires the integration of a variety of perspectives
--Students will learn how to evaluate sources from a variety of perspectives and to use those sources
--Students will demonstrate through reading responses, informal writing, and class discussion a critical engagement with intellectually challenging texts
--Students will incorporate additional media into the composing products produced
--Students will demonstrate strategies of literary analysis through writing about the assigned texts in class
--Students will identify representative authors and works in a particular literary tradition
--Students will gain an appreciation of the development of the short story in a global perspective
--Students will gain pedagogical experience, and develop greater sensitivity to significant cultural issues, by working closely with an IEP student.

Academic Conduct:
An academic community requires the highest standards of honor and integrity in all of its participants if it is to fulfill its missions. In such a community faculty, students, and staff are expected to maintain high standards of academic conduct. The purpose of this policy is to make all aware of these expectations. Additionally, the policy outlines some, but not all, of the situations which can arise that violate these standards. Further, the policy sets forth a set of procedures, characterized by a "sense of fair play," which will be used when these standards are violated. In this spirit, definitions of academic misconduct are listed below. These are not meant to be exhaustive.

I. ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
Any act that violates the spirit of the academic conduct policy is considered academic misconduct. Specific examples include, but are not limited to:
A. Cheating. Includes, but is not limited to:
1. Copying from another student's test paper, laboratory report, other report, or computer files and listings.
2. Using in any academic exercise or academic setting, material and/or devices not authorized by the person in charge of the test.
3. Collaborating with or seeking aid from another student during an academic exercise without the permission of the person in charge of the exercise.
4. Knowingly using, buying, selling, stealing, transporting, or soliciting in its entirety or in part, the contents of a test or other assignment unauthorized for release.
5. Substituting for another student, or permitting another student to substitute for oneself, in a manner that leads to misrepresentation of either or both students work.
B. Plagiarism. The appropriation, theft, purchase, or obtaining by any means another's work, and the unacknowledged submission or incorporation of that work as one's own offered for credit. Appropriation includes the quoting or paraphrasing of another's work without giving credit therefore.
C. Collusion. The unauthorized collaboration with another in preparing work offered for credit.
D. Abuse of resource materials. Mutilating, destroying, concealing, or stealing such materials.
E. Computer misuse. Unauthorized or illegal use of computer software or hardware through the TCU Computer Center or through any programs, terminals, or freestanding computers owned, leased, or operated by TCU or any of its academic units for the purpose of affecting the academic standing of a student.
F. Fabrication and falsification. Unauthorized alteration or invention of any information or citation in an academic exercise. Falsification involves altering information for use in any academic exercise. Fabrication involves inventing or counterfeiting information for use in any academic exercise.
G. Multiple submission. The submission by the same individual of substantial portions of the same academic work (including oral reports) for credit more than once in the same or another class without authorization.
H. Complicity in academic misconduct. Helping another to commit an act of academic misconduct.
I. Bearing false witness. Knowingly and falsely accusing another student of academic misconduct.

Disabilities Statement:

Texas Christian University complies with the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 regarding students with disabilities.  Eligible students seeking accommodations should contact the Coordinator of Services for Students with Disabilities in the Center for Academic Services located in Sadler Hall, 11.  Accommodations are not retroactive, therefore, students should contact the Coordinator as soon as possible in the term for which they are seeking accommodations. Further information can be obtained from the Center for Academic Services, TCU Box 297710, Fort Worth, TX 76129, or at (817) 257-7486.

Adequate time must be allowed to arrange accommodations and accommodations are not retroactive; therefore, students should contact the Coordinator as soon as possible in the academic term for which they are seeking accommodations.  Each eligible student is responsible for presenting relevant, verifiable, professional documentation and/or assessment reports to the Coordinator.  Guidelines for documentation may be found at http://www.acs.tcu.edu/DISABILITY.HTM.

Students with emergency medical information or needing special arrangements in case a building must be evacuated should discuss this information with their instructor/professor as soon as possible.